IPM Awmzia


(PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATED PESTS MANAGEMENT)



   1. Pest awmzia: Thilnung engpawh an inthlah puna, an lo tama, buh leh thlai thar hlawk lo khawpa an tihchhiat hian, kha thil nung (animate object) kha 'pest' chu a ni. Rannung pahnih khat lek kha thlai hmuna an awmin thlai an eichhe tam thei lo, amaherawhchu khang rannung kha an lo inthlah pun chuan buh leh thlai an lo eichhe nasa tham a, hetiang chhiatna (economic damage) thlen khawp an lo nih khan khang rannung kha 'Insect Pest' tih an ni. Hetiang hian buh leh thlai tichhetu a zirin pest chi hrang hrang an awm a, sazu, sakuh leh sanghal kha ke pali nei, buh leh thlai ral "Mammal Pest" an ni a, buh leh thlai eichhe chi sava ho kha Avian/Bird Pest an ti thung a ni. Hnim (Weed) leh buh thlai natna chi hrang hrang ho hi erawh chu 'Pest' ti hian an ko ve vak lova Pest erawhchu an ni ve tho. Buh leh thlai natna thlentu thil nung chi hrang hrang, mit lawnga hmuh tham loh ho hi Pathogens emaw Micro-organisms emaw an ti thung a ni.
   Buh leh thlai hmelma ho hian pest nih tling tur chuan an inthlahpun tam phawt a ngai a, tichuan an lo tam chuan Pest nih (Status of Pest) an hlawh ta a, an la tam lutuk hma leh thlai tichhe teuh tham tling thuai tur an nih lai kha 'Economic Threshold Level (ETL)' an ti a ni. Hetih hun lai tak hi loneitute tan inrin a tul hunlai a ni a, buh leh thlai an tihchhiat loh nan eng emaw ti kawng zawng tala tan lak a tul takzet tawh, chuvangin ETL hi hriat a pawimawh em em a ni. Thlai ven dan chi hrang hrang 'Pest Management Strategies' hmang tura inpeih hun hriatna ber chu ETL hi a ni. ETL an pelh hnua an lo tam leh zual hian chhiatna nasa tak thlen tham an lo ni tawh a, hei hi 'Economic Injury Level (EIL)' an ti a, hetiang hunah tawh chuan thlai veng tura tan lak a sawt tawh vak lo a ni.
   2. Pest a nih theih nachhan: Tunhma deuh chuan thil nung chi hrang hrang hi inring tawn tham (natural balance) an la awm bawk a, tuna buh leh thlai eichhetu rannung tam ber chu Pest an ni ngai lo a ni. Amaherawhchu tunah chuan rannung Pest ni ngailo pawh Pest a ni chho zel ta a, a chhan thenkhatte lo en ila:
      (i)Mihring duhamna vang leh mihring lo pung chho zel vang hian ramngaw zau tak tih chereu a ni a, hei hian ramngaw a thing leh mau tlana awm thin rannung leh nungcha tam tak ei tur a lo titlem ta a, an chaw a lo tlem chuan buh leh thlai chaw atana rin tumin an rawn panin an eilo thei ta lo a ni. Hei vang hian rannung/nungcha tam tak chu mihringte tan chuan hmelma chimawm tak 'Pest' an lo ni ta a ni.

      (ii) Mihring pung zel mamawh phuhru khawp ei leh bar tharchhuah a lo ngai ta a, hemi atan hian thlawhhma zauh a ngai a, a tam thei ang ber thar tura tan lak a lo ngai ta a, lo leh leilet leh thei huante chawlh lai awm mang lovin thlaiin a luah ta reng a, rannung chi hrang hrang tan pawh chaw a lo tam leh ve ta zel, an chaw a tam na na na chuan an lo inthlahpung chak bawk a, an lo pun chak chuan 'Pest' an lo ni ta zel a ni.
      (iii) Mithiam (Agriculture Scientists) ten buh leh thlai thar hlawk chi (Improved varieties and hybrid seeds) an tihchhuah hi a thar a tam rual hian thlai hmelma chi hrang hrang tan hian chaw tui tak a lo ni ve zel a, heng thlai chi hi chin uar a nih atangin Pest pawh a lo pung ve sawt a ni.
      (iv) Ramdang (foreign) atang hian tihpalh thil liau liau in rannung leh natna hrik te kan ramah a lo lut (introduced) palh thei a. Heng ram dang atanga rannung leh thlai natna hrik lo lut thar te hi an ramah chuan Pest ni ngailo mahse a awmna ram tharah khan boruak sik leh sa an ngeih zawng tak a lo awm chuan, kha rannung (introduced species) kha reilote chhungin Pest a lo ni thei ta a ni.
      (v) Hun pangngaia buaipui tham ni silo kha boruak sik leh sa leh a chhehvel thil inthlak danglam avangin rannung tam tak chu an lo pung thut thei bawk a, Pest ni ngai vak lo kha Pest buaipui tham tak a lo ni thei a ni. Entirnan, Mizoramah chuan Khau puang te, Khuangbai puang te, Pangang puang, Phengphehlep puangte leh Sazu puangte kan hre lar em em a, hetih hunlai hian buh leh thlai an tichhe nasa thin reng a ni.

   3. Thlai ven awmzia leh a tum (Principles): Thlai ven (Plant Protection) awmzia leh a tum tawifel taka sawi theih a nilo, hetiang hian lo sawifiah ila. Thlai hmelma (Pests) laka buh leh thlai ven chu a chi (seed) tuh hma atangin a thar (produce) bazara zawrh thlengin a ngai a ni. Thlai venin a tum ber chu heng thlai hmelma chi hrang hrangte'n buh leh thlai an tihchhiat loh nan leh a thar (yield) a hlawk theih nana kawng hrang hrang hmanga thlai ven hi a ni. Pest hi thilnung, inthlahpung ve zel an ni a, suat rem (eradicate) theih an ni lova, tum pawh tum chhin tur a ni lo. Pest ho duhzawng tak, boruak sik leh sa a lo awm chang phei chuan pest ho hi chak lehzualin anlo inthlahpung thut a, buh leh thlai an eichhe nasa lehzual thin a ni. Hetiang hun a lo thlen hian 'Pest Outbreak' an ti a, thlai ven kawngah pawh nasa lehzual a tanlak a tul thin a ni. Pest hi an awm chhung hian thlai tichhe khawpa tam an nih loh nan a thlai venna kawng hrang hrangte hmanga an tam lam tih tlem hi thlai ven tumpui ber chu a ni. Tunhma chuan Pest hi thuhnuaia dah theih anga ngaihna a awm a, hei vang hian 'Pest Control' tih hi hman a ni thin a. Amaherawhchu tunah chuan Pest hi control lova, rem silo thlai tichhe khawp a tam ni bawk silova siam leh enkawl hi a tihtheih awmchhun a nih tak avang hian 'Pest Management' tih hi sawi dan ber a lo ni ta a ni. Thlai ven kawngah hian Pest inthlahpung vak silo, rem chuang silova siam theih hi duhthusam ber chu a ni, hei hi 'Stabilization of pest population' an ti a, Pest Management tum ber leh Plant Protection tum ber chu a ni. Kawng dang sawi dawn chuan pest tan hmun a tlem dawn tihna a ni a, hei hi 'Manipulation of crop environment unfavourable for Pest Development' chu a ni. Hetianga hmalak hi Plant Protection tum ber chu a ni.

Source
Ziaktu : C.Lalnithanga, APPO
Bu hming : Loneitu Thian (IPM)
Department of Agriculture (Crop Husbandry)
Page 1-9

Rannung tangkai: - Daidepria, Khawidang, Maimawm Rannung tangkai: - Darkawlchhunchhek, Ophima, Khuavanglamdar


   4. Thlai ven dan kawng hrang hrang te (Tools/Components of pest management):

   (i) Cultural methods/Agronomic practices: Hei hi a mawl leh awlsam ber, tangkai tak si a ni. Thlai chi tha (resistant/improved varieties) hmante, thlai chi hrang hrang chin chhawkte, ngun taka lei lehphutte, lei tihthatna (fertilizer) a hun tak a pekte, hlo/hnim thlawhfaite, a hun taka tui pekte, rannung ei duhzawng tak thlai, bial tlang leh vau a chinkual hi Cultural practices chu a ni.
   (ii) Mechanical methods: Hei hian a kawh ber chu buh leh thlai hmuna rannung leh pangang leh rannung tui (eggs) tihhlum te, thang kama rannung leh sazu suat te hi a ni.
   (iii) Physical method: Hei hi chi thum a awm.

      (a) Thlai chi leh fu chi tui saa chiah leh tuihu saa hem te, thlai chi tuh hmaa nisa a pho te, kudama buhfai, dailuah leh chana eitu rannung boruak sa hmanga tihhlum te hi kawng khat chu a ni.
      (b) Buh leh thlai thar seng hnu hian chhek in leh Kudama dah hma hian nisa takah ni hnih ni thum pho tur a ni. Hei hian buh leh thlairah a hnawng (moisture) awm a titlem a ni. A theih chuan hnawng awm hi 9% a tlema tihhniam tur a ni. Buhhum, buhfai, chana leh dailuah hum a hnawng a tam chuan buhzem, chhekin leh kudamah rannung a tam duh hle a, heng rannung (storage pests) te hi an chimawm em em a ni. Chubakah hnawng hi an pai tam chuan buh a chhe duh a, a hmuar duh em em a ni. Hei vang hian hnawng tihtlem hi tih makmawh a ni.
      (c) Buh leh thlai hmuna rannung awm tam tak hi zana eng lawm chi (photo positive) an ni a, chuvangin hengho hi 'Eng thang' (light trap) hmangin awlsam takin a man teuh theih a ni. Zanah buh leh thlai hmunah Laltin (khawnvar) emaw Petromax emaw, electric bulb emaw chhi eng ila, a hnuai chiahah chuan chawhtawlhah tui, khawnvartui leh sahbawn tui inpawlh hung ila, zankhuain dah ila,tichuan zanah eng lawm chi rannung lokal kha eng hualin an thlawk an thlawk a, a tawpah an chauh hnuah chawhtawlhah khan an lo tlakhawm teuh mai dawn a ni. Heng rannung tlakhawm hi tihhlum tawh mai tur a ni.

   (iv) Biological Control: Buh leh thlai eichhetu rannung, sava leh sazu te hian ral an nei a, chung an ralte chuan heng ho hi chawah ringin anmahni thuin an theih ang angin an vaiin anlo man ve thin a, buh leh thlai erawh an ei ve ngai lo a ni. Loneitu tanpuitu tha tak, Pathian siamsa an ni a, hei vang hian loneitu thianthate (farmer's friends) tih an ni reng a ni. Heng ho hi mihringte vulh leh khawi an nilova, anmahni a lo awm ve an nih avang hian a chang chuan 'Natural enemies' an ti bawk thin. Loneitu thian thenkhat te Chu: Maimawm, Khuavanglamdar, Daidep, Darkawlchhunchhek, Uifawm, Chungu, Utawk, Rul etc.
   Heng bakah hian laboratory a mithiamte khawi leh vulh punsa, hunbi neia buh leh thlai hmuna chhuah chi a awm veleh a, hengte hi Biopesticides an ti a ni. Natural enemies te hi buh leh thlai hmuna awm ve reng an nih avang hian rannung thahna hlo kah pawh a loh theih loh hunah tih loh chuan kah loh tur a ni. A chhan chu Natural Enemies ho hian rannung thahnahlo hi an huat ve vang a ni. An remlohna tur leh anlo pun zel dan tur hi ngaihtuahpui an ngai a ni.
   (v) Genetic Methods: Hei hi a pawchhuaktu chu E.E. Knipling a ni a. Kum 1937 khan a lo enchhin tawh a ni. Genetic Methods hi chi hrang hrang a awm a, a larzual te chu Sterile Male technique leh Sterile Insect Technique an ti. Sterile male technique (SMT) ah chuan rannung pa (male) kha laboratory-ah chithlah thei lovin (chi hutin) an siam a, a hnuah buh leh thlai hmunah an chhuah ta a, tichuan buh leh thlai hmuna rannung dang lo awmsa nen, a nu pawl (Mating) tumin an inchuh a, an intibuai ta a,a tu ve ve mah a Nu pawl thei lovin an insiam ta a, heti hian rannung inthlahpung chak tur a lo dang ve thei a ni.
   (v) Sterile Insect Techniques (SIT): SIT chu a hma a mi nen hian a tihdan phung chu a inang deuh reng a, rannung nu leh a pa engemaw zat kha an mankhawm a, laboratory-ah bawlhhlo (chemosterilant) hmangin chi thlah thei lovin an siam leh a, a hnuah thlai hmunah an chhuah ta a, hengho hian thlai hmuna rannung lo awmsa an tibuai ta a, inthlahpung chak thei lovin an siam ta thin a ni. Genetic method hi hman a awlai lovin tunah chuan a lar tawh lo a ni.
   (vi) Regulatory/Legislative/Legal Method : Hei hi dan (Act) hmanga rannung chimawm leh thlai natna hrik ram leh ram inkarah leh ramchhung hmun hrang hrang a taidarh tur ven dan a ni. He danin a tlawhchhan ber chu Destructive Insects and Pests Act, 1914 hi a ni. He dan tlawhchhan hian regulatory method hi chi hnih a awm, chungte chu:

      (a) Domestic Quarantine: He dan hmang hian ram hmun hrang hrang, State leh State inkara rannung leh natna taidarh tur a ven theih a ni. Entirnan: Nilgiris tlang a Alu hmunah khuan Alu ei chhetu thlai rulhut (Plant nematode) a awm a, tih rem theih a ni si lova, he rulhut Globodera rostochinensis_ (Golden Cyst nematode) hi India ram State danga a darh loh nan Domestic Quarantine hmangin Nilgiris tlanga Alu chu a chi atan hmun dangah lakchhuah khap tlat a ni. Assam ah pawh balhla natna Bunchy Top an tih chu a tam avangin Assam atang hian balhla chi lak loh tur a ni.
      (b) Foreign/lnternational Quarantine: Hei hi ram leh ram inkara dan hman tur a ni. Tupawhin India ram pawn atanga thlai chi a lak dawnin phalna a la hmasa tur a ni a, hei bakah hian a rawn thawntu ram (Exporting Country) atang khan kha thlai chi an thawn tur kha rannung leh natna lakah a fihlim ngei a ni a tih finfiahna 'Phytosanitary certificate' a awm ngei tur a ni bawk. Tichuan thlai chi chu India ram a lo thlen veleh quarantine check post ah mithiamten an lo endik phawt anga, natna hrik leh rannung a awm lo ngei a ni tih an chian hnuah kha thlai chi kha a hralhchhuah theih chauh dawn a ni. Internation Quarantine check post hi India ramah chuan Airport lian deuh deuhvah te, Sea ports lian deuh deuhvah te a awm vek a ni. Tunah chuan Mizoram chhung Zokhawtharah pawh Plant Quarantine Station a awm tawh bawk a ni.

   (vii) Chemical methods: Hei hi chi li a awm a, chungte chu:

      (a) Use of Attractants: A awmzia chu bawlhlo hmang emaw a chaw tawktarh (bait) hmanga rannung hip khawma tihhlum a ni. Hetiang atana an bawlhlo hman lar ber chu Pheromones a ni. Rannung hian anmahni kawppui emaw, an thiante emaw hmundanga awm koh nan leh an awmna hmun chhuichhuah nan Pheromones an tichhuak 'thin a, a hun leh a hmun a zirin chi hrang hrang a awm a, chungte chu : Sex Pheromones, Aggregation Pheromones, Alarm Pheromones, Trail Pherornones, Allomones, Kairomones te an ni. Heng zingah hian a nu leh pa an inpawl (Mating) dawna an inkoh dawn Sex Pheromones lem (Artificial) hi mithiamten an siam a, he Artificial Pheromones hmang hian buh leh thlai eichhetu rannung thenkhat chu a koh (attract) theih a, Pheromones tak hi Lure an ti bawka, he Lure hi a vuahna tur a siam bawm (Pheromone trap) ah an vuah a, a mawng lamah sarang ip sei an vuah a, 3 ft vel a sang tiangah an tar a, tichuan a nu emaw a pa emaw khan kha Lure rim hriain Pheromones trap kha a rawn pan ta thin a ni. Pheromone trap hi rannung man teuhna lam aimahin buh leh thlai hmunah khan eng ang chi rannung nge awm tih zawnchhuahna hmanrua (Monitoring Device) a ni mah zawk a, hei hian thlai venna kawngah chuan mi a tanpui tho tho a ngaih a ni.



   Rannung kohkhawmna dang chu rannung chaw duhzawng tak leh tur (poison) chawhpawlh thleng a hun hi a ni. Khau te, khuangbai leh perhpawng te chaw chah atan chuan favai dip leh kurtai tui leh rannung thahna hlo(Malathion/Dichlorvos) chawhpawlh thlenga dah a thlai hmunah hun tur a ni.

      (b) Use of repellants: Hei hi rannung hnawhkianna hmanrua/bawlhlo tihna a ni. A bik takin rannung hnawh bona hmanrua chu a tlem hle a, kut, ke leh hmai a hnathawh laia inchulh tur a siam 'Odomos’ pawh hi buh leh thlai venna aimahin hnathawktu te himna a ni zawk mah. Amaherawhchu Mizo te hi Sava, Sanghal leh zawng hnawhkianna/a hlauh ngah pawl tak kan ni awm e. Tuiper te, perngo te, lenglep khai te, milem lova dintir te, mauphel vauva tluk te hi sava leh ramsa hlauh atan an hmang a, Ribbon tle leh Acetylene bomb te pawh vai ramah chuan an hmang bawk.
      (c) Use of Antifeedants: A awmzia chu rannungin buh leh thlai an eiduhlohna chi kah (spray) tihna a ni. Antifeedants chu rannung ei duhloh zawng bawlhlo a ni a, kha thil kaina buh leh thlai hnah kha rannungin an eichhin khan a lokha emaw thin a, tichuan ei duhlovin an kalsan dawn tihna a ni. Antifeedant lar ber chu Neem atanga siam insecticides hi a ni. Heng hi Multineem emaw Econeem emaw a ni.
      (d) Use of Insecticides/Pesticides: Hei hi a lar ber a ni, chi hrang hrang a awm a, a pest azirin insecticides te, fungicides te, bactericides te, miticides te, rodenticides leh herbicides etc. te a awm. Pesticides hi a tul tawpkhawkah chauh lo chuan hman loh tur a ni.

   5. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) : Integrated Pest Management (IPM) awmzia chu buh leh thlai hmelma (pests) laka buh leh thlai ven dan kawng hrang hrang, a hmaa kan tarlan tak te kha uar bik awm lova hman tangkai tlan hi a ni.
   Tunhma chuan Pest Control an tih ber chu Pesticides ringawt hmanga buh leh thlai ven hi a ni a, mahsela hei hi a tha tawk lova an hriat hnuah IPM hi hman uar tura inzirtir a ni leh ta a ni. Pest control leh IPM danglamna tlem lo en ila:

      (1) Pest control chuan thlai ven nan pesticides chauh hman a kawk ber. IPM chuan thlai vendan kawng hrang hrangte tangkai taka hman tlan a kawk a, pesticides chu a tawpkhawkah chauh hman tur a ni thung.
      (2) Pest control a pesticides hrang hrang hman a nih avang hian tui, leilung leh boruak a bawlhhlawh a, ecosystem a tibuai bawk. IPM-ah chuan thlai ven dan kawng hrang hrangte rualtlang taka hman a nih avang leh pesticides pawh a tlem thei ang ber hman a nih avangin tui, leilung leh boruak a bawlhhlawh ve manglo a ni. Hei vang hian IPM chuan ecosystem pawh a tibuai lo a ni.
      (3) Pest control-ah chuan pesticides hman nasat a nih avangin Pathian siamsa buh leh thlai min venpuitu rannung tha 'Natural Enemies' ho an rem chak a, pest ni ngai lo pest an lo ni a, a tawpah phei chuan pesticides haw tawhlo 'resistant strain' an lo piangchhuak a, buh leh thlai thar a hlawklo telh telh a, lo leh leilet neih a harsa thin a ni. Tin, pesticides hman nasatna thlaiah khan pesticides bangnawi (residues) tam tak, tleuh fai theih tawh siloh a lo awm a, mihring tan a hlauhawm khawpa tam pawh a awm thei a ni.
   IPM-ah chuan thlai ven nan hmanrua chi hrang hrang hman a ni a, Natural Enemies te hmakhua ngai taka thlai ven a nih avangin buh leh thlai thar pawh a thianghlimin a hrisel bik a, rannung zingah pawh Resistant Strain a awm lova, pesticides chu hman ni bawk mahse, a tam tham loh avangin a bang nawi pawh sawitham leh mihring tana hlauhawm tham a awmlo a ni.
      (4) Pest control chu chawp leh chilhin a thatna lang nghalin rannung chimawm te suat tha hlein lang mahse, a that chhung a rei lova, a hnuah harsatna lian tham hring chhuaktu a ni lek a ni.

   IPM erawh chu a tirah tangkai tehchiamin langlo mahse, a rei hnuah a thatzia a langchhuak dawn chauh a ni.
   Hengte avang hian IPM hi thlai ven nan hman uar deuh deuh tur a ni.

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